8, 9 The integration of MRI and PA imaging with PTT into a single nanotheranostic reagent for double image-guided therapy would offer at least three key advantages. Photothermal therapy (PTT) is an encouraging noninvasive therapeutic strategy for treatment of cancer, in which near-infrared (NIR) photo-absorbers generate heat when exposed to NIR light from a laser, resulting in the specific and precise thermal ablation of cancer cells. Within living tissues, light is scattered ~1000-fold more effectively than ultrasound, so acoustic waves penetrate tissues to a greater depth (at least 5.2 cm) than optical imaging modalities (< 3 cm) and achieve better sensitivity and resolution. 4 PA imaging is a more recent development based on the photoacoustic effect, which relies on the detection of acoustic waves generated by biological targets following the absorption of light. MRI is a powerful noninvasive imaging method with high spatial and temporal resolution and excellent soft tissue contrast. 2, 3 Various imaging modalities can be used, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and photoacoustic (PA) imaging. 1 A nanotheranostic (one-for-all) agent combines multimodal imaging with the delivery of drugs, immunomodulators, gene vectors, or photothermal/photodynamic reagents in a single formulation. Multimodal image-guided therapy is a promising strategy to pinpoint lesion sites, facilitate drug delivery, and monitor therapeutic responses. Gd-TMV-PDA nanoparticles therefore offer a promising theranostic approach that can now be tested in vivo in cancer models. Multimodal imaging and PTT resulted in the effective killing of PC-3 prostate cancer cells. The Gd-TMV-PDA particles also promoted strong near-infrared absorption with high photothermal conversion efficiency (28.9%) and demonstrated excellent photoacoustic contrast. The r 1-relaxivity of the Gd-TMV-PDA particles at 60 MHz was ~80 mM −1s −1, compared to 13.63 mM −1s −1 for the uncoated Gd-TMV particles. Such biocompatible nanotheranostic reagents can be used to facilitate PTT, guided by multimodal magnetic resonance/photoacoustic imaging. To address this, we produced Gd-loaded Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) particles coated with the mussel-inspired biopolymer polydopamine (PDA). However, classic gadolinium (Gd)-based T 1-MRI contrast agents are limited by their low relaxivity. Nanotheranostic reagents that integrate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and photothermal therapy (PTT) offer a promising strategy for the treatment of human disease.
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March 2023
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